Verbal questions with answers

Directions for next 5 Verbal questions with answers: For each verbal question in this section, select the best of the answer choices given.

1. One problem with labor unions today is that their top staffs consist of college-trained lawyers, economists, and labor relations experts who cannot understand the concerns of real workers. One goal of union reform movements should be to build staffs out of workers who have come up from the ranks of the industry involved. The argument above depends primarily on which of the following assumptions?
(A) Higher education lessens people’s identification with their class background.
(B) Union staffs should include more people with first-hand industrial supervisory experience.
(C) People who have worked in a given industry can understand the concerns of workers in that industry.
(D) Most labor unions today do not fairly represent workers’ interests.
(E) A goal of union reform movements should be to make unions more democratic.
Answer: C
The Conclusion: Union reform movements should build staffs out of workers who have come up the ranks.
The Evidence: Union movements are currently suffering from a problem: Their staffs consist of college-educated professional types who don’t understand the concerns of the worker. If the author believes that hiring up-from-the-ranks workers (an idea introduced in the conclusion) will cure that problem, he must be assuming that these former workers do understand workers’ real concerns.
There’s no need to assume that higher education lessens people’s identification with their class background (A), since the author hasn’t said that the lawyers, economists, and experts who don’t understand workers come from a working class background. Supervisory experience (B) isn’t the same as coming up through the ranks. Labor unions having problems, which the author admits, isn’t the same as (D) most of them unfairly representing workers’ interests. That’s an overstatement. “Democratic” (E) is a new term, and one the argument doesn’t need.

2. Opening a plant in war-torn Country X is not inadvisable, despite what critics of the plan may say. Ten years ago we opened our plant in Country Y in the middle of a revolution; that plant has been generating substantial profits ever since. Which of the following is the author of the argument above most reasonably intending the reader to conclude?
(A) Wars are profitable for the author’s particular business.
(B) Country X is a more politically stable nation than is Country Y.
(C) Critics of the proposed plant in Country X are likely to be biased.
(D) The proposed plant in Country X will generate profits despite the war.
(E) The proposed plant in Country X will be more successful than the plant in Country Y.
Answer. D
The Conclusion: None is stated, but as the question stem alerts us, one is implied.
The Evidence: A plant opened in Country Y during a revolution ten years ago has always generated substantial profits.
The author draws an analogy between the two plants since the one in Country Y has made money, so too, she implies, will the one in Country X. The author’s point is that the plant can be successful despite the war, not that (A) the plant will be successful because of the war. The author presents the two countries as similar, so she’s not arguing that (B) one is more stable than the other. The author is attacking her opponents’ argument, but not (C) their motives. She makes no judgment (E) as to which plant will be more successful. Remember, comparing and contrasting things that are considered equivalent in the stimulus is a common wrong answer type for inference questions.

3. Since the deregulation of the air travel industry in the late 1970’s, air fares have been relatively low and the number of passenger miles flown has been increasing. In recent months, however, air fares have risen but the number of passenger miles flown is still going up. Which of the following can most reasonably be inferred from the statements above?
(A) The cost of air travel does not affect the number of passenger miles flown.
(B) People are now flying to destinations that they formerly reached by train or by other modes of transportation.
(C) Factors other than low air fares must be contributing to the rise in the number of passenger miles flown.
(D) Takeovers in the deregulated air travel industry have been responsible for the rise in air fares.
(E) Air fares can climb even higher without causing a drop in the number of passenger miles flown.
Answer. C
The Conclusion: There is none stated. One is implied, though, and we’re to locate it among the answer choices.
The Evidence: Since deregulation, low air fares have correlated with increased miles flown. Recently prices have risen, but the number of passenger-miles flown is still increasing. The passage begins with a correlation and then breaks it in the next sentence. What can you infer from this? Not very much, you may have thought, and you’d be right: the key to this question is not drawing an unwarranted sweeping conclusion from the evidence. What you can safely conclude is that the air fare doesn’t, by itself, determine the amount of air travel. That air-fares don’t have any effect on air travel (A) is too strong. We can’t infer why passenger-miles flown have increased (B); it might be at the expense of other forms of transportation, but it might not be. The author merely states that the air fares have risen recently, but never mentions a cause (D) like “takeovers.” So far, the recent rise in air fares hasn’t reduced passenger-miles flown, but that doesn’t mean (E) that a further increase won’t.

4. At a certain college, graduate teaching assistants conduct discussion sections but have no input into grading. It has been suggested that graduate assistants be given some grading responsibility, but many undergraduates oppose that proposal. They argue that if grades are assigned by graduate assistants, regular fulltime faculty will devote less time and attention to undergraduate work. The information in the passage above answers which one of the following questions?
(A) Are grades assigned by graduate teaching assistants inherently as fair as those given by regular faculty?
(B) Are some undergraduates in favor of maintaining the full-time faculty’s interest in their schoolwork?
(C) May regular full-time faculty conduct discussion sections at the college?
(D) Does graduate student contact with undergraduates’ work make the grades assigned by regular faculty less valid?
(E) Are regular faculty members in favor of giving graduate assistants some teaching responsibility?
Answer. B
The Undergraduates’ Conclusion: If grades are assigned by graduate assistants, regular full-time faculty will devote less time to undergraduate work.
Their Evidence: There really isn’t any: just the idea that giving grading responsibilities to graduate students will somehow move regular full-time faculty away from the undergraduates’ work. The only thing to do is go through the choices to see which question we can answer. Since the undergraduates are against the proposal, it’s safe to conclude that they want the full-time faculty to stay interested in their work. We have no information about the fairness of graduate assistants’ grades (A). All we know about the discussion sections (C) is that graduate assistants now hold them; we aren’t told whether or not full-time faculty may hold them. (D) asks about the validity of the faculty’s grades. We know that some people have proposed that graduate assistants be given some grading responsibility, but that doesn’t imply (D) that they believe the faculty’s grades have been made less valid by the graduate students’ “contact” with undergraduates. And we’re told absolutely nothing about (E) the faculty’s opinion of the proposal.

5. Air travel is becoming increasingly more dangerous. In the last year there have been seven major collisions resulting in over 700 deaths, more deaths than in any previous year. Which statement, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) Since the volume of air traffic has been increasing all the time, an increase in the number of deaths due to collisions does not necessarily mean greater danger.
(B) The increase in collisions can be explained by statistical coincidence, hijackings, and unusual weather.
(C) Mortality per passenger mile is lower for air travel than for any kind of surface transportation.
(D) The increase in deaths due to collision in air travel has proceeded at a rate identical to that for deaths in all other major forms of transportation.
(E) Last year the average number of passengers per flown plane was significantly lower than that of previous years.
Answer. A
The Conclusion: Air travel is becoming more dangerous.
The Evidence: In the last year there have been seven collisions and over 700 deaths, the highest number of deaths ever.
We want something that suggests that the increase in fatalities doesn’t prove an increase in danger. If more and more people are traveling by airplane, an increase in the number of deaths doesn’t prove that air travel is becoming more dangerous. The question of how dangerous air travel is can’t be answered unless we know the proportion, not the number, of passengers who get killed.
The author’s contention isn’t undermined by (B) the reasons for the lack of safety. Pointing out more dangerous methods of transportation (C) doesn’t deny that the danger of air travel is increasing. Likewise, the fact that other forms of transportation are also getting more dangerous (D) doesn’t dent the author’s claim. Fewer passengers per place (E) means more collisions, but we already know how many collisions there were.

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